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Leaders
The figures who shaped Ethiopian political history — rulers and others whose decisions bore on power, legitimacy, and the state.
- 1844 – 1913Menelik IIEmperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889–1913) who expanded and consolidated the modern Ethiopian state and led the Ethiopian victory over Italy at Adwa in 1896.
- b. 1937Mengistu Haile MariamArmy officer who became the dominant figure of the Derg, chairman of the regime, and head of state, ruling Ethiopia from the late 1970s until the regime's collapse in 1991.